Early prototypes of the SpaceX Starship super-capsule that Italy is chartering to speed its spaceflight and biotech experiments to Mars (Marie D. De Jesús/Houston Chronicle via Getty Images) With its ...

SpaceX has had a troubled year when it comes to Starship, with several notably explosive test flights. But that hasn't stopped customers queuing up to pay for passage for when it is ready. The Italian ...

Mars is cold, has a very strong radiation environment, no magnetic field, a very low-pressure atmosphere and it’s all carbon dioxide, so you can’t breathe there. And there are no nutrients to grow ...