Couinaud was the first to properly describe the caudate lobe. [4] After this detailed description, the caudate lobe was divided into the Spiegel lobe, the caudate process and the paracaval portion. In ...

Is routine operative cholangiography during gallbladder removal beneficial? In this study, the authors conducted a randomized trial in 190 patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Common duct stones were ...

INTRAVENOUS cholangiography with iodipamide sodium was introduced in clinical medicine in 1953 as a method for rapid high contrast visualization of the biliary ducts and gall bladder. 1 An abundant ...

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging has emerged as a transformative aid in hepatobiliary surgery, enhancing the surgeon’s ability to visualise anatomical structures in real time. By ...