Ecology is studied at different levels: individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere (these pictures are from a different text). Understanding interactions may help in the removal and/or ...

Biological communities are rarely stable. Their composition is constantly changing, depending on the environmental conditions ...

We integrated across individual, population, community, and ecosystem levels to understand the impact of environmental stress by tracking the foundation species Mytilus edulis in the hypoxic estuary ...

Organisms in their environments: the evolutionary backdrop -- Conditions -- Resources -- Life, death and life histories -- Intraspecific competition -- Dispersal, dormancy and metapopulations -- ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract Given the drastic decline in biodiversity at all levels, it is imperative that we consider the potential effects of diversity within single ...