Biological communities are rarely stable. Their composition is constantly changing, depending on the environmental conditions ...

Ecology is studied at different levels: individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere (these pictures are from a different text). Understanding interactions may help in the removal and/or ...

Hypoxia is an environmental Stressor that affects abundance, biomass, diversity, and ecosystem function of benthic assemblages worldwide, yet its collective impact at individual, population, and ...

We integrated across individual, population, community, and ecosystem levels to understand the impact of environmental stress by tracking the foundation species Mytilus edulis in the hypoxic estuary ...