Philosophers like Johann Gottleib Fichte, Georg Hegel and Slavoj Žižek argue that societies function as collective consciousnesses, shaped by historical and ideological conditions. Just as individuals ...

There are words we know, and there are words we argue about, working our way to a shared meaning. And then there is that unique category of terms that, once they appear, stubbornly refuse to succumb ...

The end of the Cold War was supposed to usher in a better world. After four decades of struggle, the great battle between liberalism and Bolshevism had ended in the former’s decisive victory. Many in ...

Jane Goodall does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their ...

Liberalism’s Last Man: Hayek in the Age of Political Capitalism, by Vikash Yadav (University of Chicago Press, 288 pp., $35) According to one of Italo Calvino’s 14 definitions, “a classic is a book ...

Yadav, professor of international relations at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, debuts with a vigorous reappraisal of 20th-century economist Friedrich Hayek in light of today’s increasing ...

A liberalism that fails to answer the question of meaning opens the door to authoritarian temptation. Liberalism is often hailed as the great success story of modernity. It freed people from feudal ...

When I taught Contemporary Civilization, Columbia University’s core courses on political and moral philosophy from Plato through Freud, officially and awkwardly called “Introduction to Contemporary ...

In 1978, the Russian dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn gave a commencement address at Harvard, warning us about the loss of American self-confidence and will. “A decline in courage may be the most ...

Kevin M. Schultz does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond ...