Single-charged ions usually affect fewer water molecules than multiple-charged ions. "However, this is not entirely systematic, but also depends on the cation or anion present," explains Martina ...

However when considering ions, you do have to think distinctly about cations and anions. Calcium forms a positively charged +2 cation. Chlorine forms a negatively charged -1 anion.

Anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have gained attention in the process of fuel cell development because they operate in alkaline environments, the redox reaction rate at the electrodes ...

Plants that remove an excess of cations over anions may cause soil acidification. The acidification potential of plants has been evaluated using solution culture techniques, but the influence of ionic ...